Polymorphism in Java with Examples in 2024- Nice Studying

What’s Polymorphism in Java?

Polymorphism in Java is the duty that performs a single motion in numerous methods.

So, languages that don’t assist polymorphism should not ‘Object-Oriented Languages’, however ‘Object-Based mostly Languages’. Ada, as an illustration, is one such language. Since Java helps polymorphism, it’s an Object-Oriented Language.

Polymorphism happens when there may be inheritance, i.e., many courses are associated.

Inheritance is a strong function in Java. Java Inheritance lets one class purchase the properties and attributes of one other class. Polymorphism in Java permits us to make use of these inherited properties to carry out totally different duties. Thus, permitting us to realize the identical motion in many alternative methods.

What’s Polymorphism?

The derivation of the phrase Polymorphism is from two totally different Greek words- poly and morphs. “Poly” means quite a few, and “Morphs” means kinds. So, polymorphism means innumerable kinds. Polymorphism, subsequently, is likely one of the most vital options of Object-Oriented Programming.

Actual-Life Examples of Polymorphism

A person can have totally different relationships with totally different folks. A girl generally is a mom, a daughter, a sister, and a buddy, all on the identical time, i.e. she performs different behaviors in numerous conditions.

The human physique has totally different organs. Each organ has a unique perform to carry out; the guts is liable for blood circulation, the lungs for respiration, the mind for cognitive exercise, and the kidneys for excretion. So we’ve got a typical methodology perform that performs in another way relying upon the organ of the physique. 

Polymorphism in Java Instance

A superclass named “Shapes” has a way referred to as “space()”. Subclasses of “Shapes” might be “Triangle”, “circle”, “Rectangle”, and many others. Every subclass has its manner of calculating space. Utilizing Inheritance and Polymorphism means, the subclasses can use the “space()” methodology to seek out the world’s formulation for that form.

class Shapes {
  public void space() {
    System.out.println("The formulation for space of ");
  }
}
class Triangle extends Shapes {
  public void space() {
    System.out.println("Triangle is ½ * base * top ");
  }
}
class Circle extends Shapes {
  public void space() {
    System.out.println("Circle is 3.14 * radius * radius ");
  }
}
class Major {
  public static void foremost(String[] args) {
    Shapes myShape = new Shapes();  // Create a Shapes object
    Shapes myTriangle = new Triangle();  // Create a Triangle object
    Shapes myCircle = new Circle();  // Create a Circle object
    myShape.space();
    myTriangle.space();
    myShape.space();
    myCircle.space();
  }
}

Output:

The formulation for the world of the Triangle is ½ * base * top
The formulation for the world of the Circle is 3.14 * radius * radius

class Form {
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("Drawing a form");
    }
}

class Circle extends Form {
    @Override
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("Drawing a circle");
    }
}

class Sq. extends Form {
    @Override
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("Drawing a sq.");
    }
}

class Major {
    public static void foremost(String[] args) {
        Form s1 = new Circle();
        Form s2 = new Sq.();

        s1.draw(); // Output: "Drawing a circle"
        s2.draw(); // Output: "Drawing a sq."
    }
}

On this instance, we’ve got a base class Form with a single methodology draw() that prints “Drawing a form” to the console. We then create two subclasses, Circle and Sq., that override the draw() methodology to print “Drawing a circle” and “Drawing a sq.” respectively.

Within the foremost methodology, we create two situations of the Form class, s1 and s2, which are literally situations of the Circle and Sq. subclasses. Once we name the draw() methodology on these objects, the proper implementation known as based mostly on the precise kind of the article, that is run-time polymorphism. This system will output: “Drawing a circle” and “Drawing a sq.”

On this instance, the draw() methodology is overridden within the subclasses, and this permits for this system to find out which methodology to make use of at runtime. This is called runtime polymorphism or dynamic polymorphism, As a result of at runtime the JVM determines the precise kind of the article and calls the corresponding methodology.

Additionally Learn: OOPs ideas in Java

Forms of Polymorphism

You may carry out Polymorphism in Java through two totally different strategies:

1. Technique Overloading
2. Technique Overriding

What’s Technique Overloading in Java?

Technique overloading is the method that may create a number of strategies of the identical identify in the identical class, and all of the strategies work in numerous methods. Technique overloading happens when there may be multiple methodology of the identical identify within the class.

Instance of Technique Overloading in Java

class Shapes {
  public void space() {
    System.out.println("Discover space ");
  }
public void space(int r) {
    System.out.println("Circle space = "+3.14*r*r);
  }

public void space(double b, double h) {
    System.out.println("Triangle space="+0.5*b*h);
  }
public void space(int l, int b) {
    System.out.println("Rectangle space="+l*b);
  }


}

class Major {
  public static void foremost(String[] args) {
    Shapes myShape = new Shapes();  // Create a Shapes object
    
    myShape.space();
    myShape.space(5);
    myShape.space(6.0,1.2);
    myShape.space(6,2);
    
  }
}

Output:

Discover space
Circle space = 78.5
Triangle space=3.60
Rectangle space=12

What’s Technique Overriding in Java?

Technique overriding is the method when the subclass or a toddler class has the identical methodology as declared within the mother or father class.

Instance of Technique Overriding in Java

class Automobile{  
  //defining a way  
  void run(){System.out.println("Automobile is transferring");}  
}  
//Creating a toddler class  
class Car2 extends Automobile{  
  //defining the identical methodology as within the mother or father class  
  void run(){System.out.println("automobile is working safely");}  
  
  public static void foremost(String args[]){  
  Car2 obj = new Car2();//creating object  
  obj.run();//calling methodology  
  }  
}  

Output:

Automobile is working safely

Additionally, Polymorphism in Java might be categorised into two sorts, i.e:

1. Static/Compile-Time Polymorphism
2. Dynamic/Runtime Polymorphism

What’s Compile-Time Polymorphism in Java?

Compile Time Polymorphism In Java is often known as Static Polymorphism. Moreover, the decision to the tactic is resolved at compile-time. Compile-Time polymorphism is achieved by Technique Overloading. Any such polymorphism may also be achieved by Operator Overloading. Nonetheless, Java doesn’t assist Operator Overloading.

Technique Overloading is when a category has a number of strategies with the identical identify, however the quantity, sorts, and order of parameters and the return kind of the strategies are totally different. Java permits the consumer freedom to make use of the identical identify for varied capabilities so long as it might distinguish between them by the sort and variety of parameters. Take a look at among the essential questions on run time polymorphism in java interview questions.

Instance of Compile-Time Polymorphism in Java

We’ll do addition in Java and perceive the idea of compile time polymorphism utilizing subtract() 

bundle staticPolymorphism; 
public class Addition 
{ 
void sum(int a, int b) 
{ 
int c = a+b; 
System.out.println(“ Addition of two numbers :” +c); } 
void sum(int a, int b, int e) 
{ 
int c = a+b+e; 
System.out.println(“ Addition of three numbers :” +c); } 
public static void foremost(String[] args) 
{ 
Addition obj = new Addition(); 
obj.sum ( 30,90); 
obj.sum(45, 80, 22); 
} 
}

The output of this system will likely be: 

Sum of two numbers: 120 

Sum of three numbers: 147 

On this program, the sum() methodology overloads with two sorts through totally different parameters. 

That is the essential idea of compile-time polymorphism in java the place we are able to carry out varied operations through the use of a number of strategies having the identical identify.

What’s Runtime Polymorphism in Java?

Runtime polymorphism in Java can be popularly often called Dynamic Binding or Dynamic Technique Dispatch. On this course of, the decision to an overridden methodology is resolved dynamically at runtime relatively than at compile-time. You may obtain Runtime polymorphism through Technique Overriding.

Technique Overriding is finished when a toddler or a subclass has a way with the identical identify, parameters, and return kind because the mother or father or the superclass; then that perform overrides the perform within the superclass. In easier phrases, if the subclass gives its definition to a way already current within the superclass; then that perform within the base class is claimed to be overridden.

Additionally, it ought to be famous that runtime polymorphism can solely be achieved by capabilities and never knowledge members. 

Overriding is finished through the use of a reference variable of the superclass. The tactic to be referred to as is set based mostly on the article which is being referred to by the reference variable. That is often known as Upcasting.

Upcasting takes place when the Guardian class’s reference variable refers back to the object of the kid class. For instance:

class A{} 
class B extends A{}  
A a=new B(); //upcasting

Examples of Runtime Polymorphism in Java

Instance 1:

On this instance, we’re creating one superclass Animal and three subclasses, Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores. Subclasses lengthen the superclass and override its eat() methodology. We’ll name the eat() methodology by the reference variable of Guardian class, i.e. Animal class. Because it refers back to the base class object and the bottom class methodology overrides the superclass methodology; the bottom class methodology is invoked at runtime. As Java Digital Machine or the JVM and never the compiler determines methodology invocation, it’s, subsequently, runtime polymorphism.

class Animal{  
  void eat(){
System.out.println("Animals Eat");
}  
}  
class herbivores extends Animal{  
  void eat(){
System.out.println("Herbivores Eat Vegetation");
} 
  }
class omnivores extends Animal{  
  void eat(){
System.out.println("Omnivores Eat Vegetation and meat");
} 
  }
class carnivores extends Animal{  
  void eat(){
System.out.println("Carnivores Eat meat");
} 
  }
class foremost{
  public static void foremost(String args[]){ 
    Animal A = new Animal();
    Animal h = new herbivores(); //upcasting  
	Animal o = new omnivores(); //upcasting  
    Animal c = new carnivores(); //upcasting  
    A.eat();
    h.eat();
    o.eat();  
    c.eat();  
  
  }  
}  

Output:

Animals eat
Herbivores Eat Vegetation
Omnivores Eat Vegetation and meat
Carnivores eat meat

Instance 2:

On this instance, we’re creating one superclass Hillstations and three subclasses Manali, Mussoorie, Gulmarg. Subclasses lengthen the superclass and override its location() and famousfor() methodology. We’ll name the placement() and famousfor() methodology by the Guardian class’, i.e. Hillstations class. Because it refers back to the base class object and the bottom class methodology overrides the superclass methodology; the bottom class methodology is invoked at runtime. Additionally, as Java Digital Machine or the JVM and never the compiler determines methodology invocation, it’s runtime polymorphism.

class Hillstations{  
  void location(){
System.out.println("Location is:");
}  
void famousfor(){
System.out.println("Well-known for:");
}  

}  
class Manali extends Hillstations {  
  void location(){
System.out.println("Manali is in Himachal Pradesh");
}  
void famousfor(){
System.out.println("It's Well-known for Hadimba Temple and journey sports activities");
}  
  }
class Mussoorie extends Hillstations {  
  void location(){
System.out.println("Mussoorie is in Uttarakhand");
}  
void famousfor(){
System.out.println("It's Well-known for training establishments");
}  
  }
class Gulmarg extends Hillstations {  
  void location(){
System.out.println("Gulmarg is in J&Okay");
}  
void famousfor(){
System.out.println("It's Well-known for snowboarding");
}  
  }
class foremost{
  public static void foremost(String args[]){ 
    Hillstations A = new Hillstations();
    Hillstations M = new Manali();

    Hillstations Mu = new Mussoorie();

    Hillstations G = new Gulmarg();

    A.location();
A.famousfor();

M.location();
M.famousfor();

Mu.location();
Mu.famousfor();

G.location();
G.famousfor();
  }  
}  

Output:

Location is:
Well-known for:
Manali is in Himachal Pradesh
It’s Well-known for Hadimba Temple and journey sports activities
Mussoorie is in Uttarakhand
It’s Well-known for training establishments
Gulmarg is in J&Okay
It’s Well-known for snowboarding

Instance of run-time polymorphism in java

We’ll create two courses Automobile and Innova, Innova class will lengthen the automobile class and can override its run() methodology.

class Automobile 
{ 
void run() 
{ 
System.out.println(“ working”); 
} 
}
class innova extends Automobile 
{ 
void run(); 
{ 
System.out.println(“ working quick at 120km”); 
} 
public static void foremost(String args[]) 
{ 
Automobile c = new innova(); 
c.run(); 
} 
} 

The output of the next program will likely be; 

Working quick at 120 km. 

One other instance for run-time polymorphism in Java

Now, allow us to test if we are able to obtain runtime polymorphism through knowledge members. 

class automobile 
{ 
int speedlimit = 125; 
} 
class innova extends automobile 
{ 
int speedlimit = 135; 
public static void foremost(String args[]) 
{ 
automobile obj = new innova(); 
System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);
}

The output of the next program will likely be : 

125 

This clearly implies we are able to’t obtain Runtime polymorphism through knowledge members. In brief, a way is overridden, not the information members.

Runtime polymorphism with multilevel inheritance

class grandfather 
{ 
void swim() 
{ 
System.out.println(“ Swimming”); 
} 
} 
class father extends grandfather 
{ 
void swim() 
{ 
System.out.println(“ Swimming in river”); 
} 
} 
class son extends father 
{ 
void swim() 
{ 
System.out.println(“ Swimming in pool”);
} 
public static void foremost(String args[]) 
{ 
grandfather f1,f2,f3; 
f1 =new grandfather(); 
f2 = new father(); 
f3 = new son(); 
f1.swim(); 
f2.swim(); 
f3.swim(): 
} 
} 

The output of the next program will likely be: 

Swimming, Swimming in river, Swimming in pool

One other runtime polymorphism with multilevel inheritance instance

class soundAnimal 
{ 
public void Sound() 
{ 
System.out.println("Totally different sounds of animal"); }
} 
class buffalo extends soundAnimal 
{ 
public void Sound() 
{ 
System.out.println("The buffalo sound- gho,gho"); } 
} 
class snake extends soundAnimal 
{ 
public void Sound() 
{ 
System.out.println("The snake sound- his,his"); } 
} 
class tiger extends soundAnimal
{ 
public void Sound() 
{ 
System.out.println("The tiger sounds- roooo, rooo"); } 
} 
public class Animal Major 
{ 
public static void foremost(String[] args) 
{ 
soundAnimal Animal = new soundAnimal(); soundAnimal buffalo = new buffalo(); 
soundAnimal snake = new snake(); 
soundAnimal tiger = new tiger(); 
Animal.Sound(); 
buffalo.Sound();
snake.Sound(); 
tiger.Sound(); 
} 
} 

The output of the next program will likely be; 

The buffalo sound- gho,gho 

The snake sound- his,his 

The tiger sound- roooo,roooo 

We hope you bought an thought about runtime and compile-time polymorphism.

Polymorphic Subtypes

Subtype principally implies that a subtype can function one other kind’s subtype, sounds a bit difficult? 

Let’s perceive this with the assistance of an instance:

Assuming we’ve got to attract some arbitrary shapes, we are able to introduce a category named ‘form’ with a draw() methodology. By overriding draw() with different subclasses comparable to circle, sq., rectangle, trapezium, and many others we are going to introduce an array of kind ‘form’ whose parts retailer references will consult with ‘form’ subclass references. Subsequent time, we are going to name draw(), all shapes situations draw () methodology will likely be referred to as.

This Subtype polymorphism usually depends on upcasting and late binding. A casting the place you forged up the inheritance hierarchy from subtype to a supertype is termed upcasting.

To name non-final occasion strategies we use late binding. In brief, a compiler shouldn’t carry out any argument checks, kind checks, methodology calls, and many others, and go away all the things on the runtime. 

What’s Polymorphism in Programming?

Polymorphism in programming is outlined utilization of a single image to characterize a number of differing types.

What’s Polymorphism Variables?

A polymorphic variable is outlined as a variable that may maintain values of various sorts throughout the course of execution.

Why use Polymorphism in Java?

Polymorphism in Java makes it doable to put in writing a way that may accurately course of numerous several types of functionalities which have the identical identify. We will additionally acquire consistency in our code through the use of polymorphism.

Benefits of Polymorphism in Java

1. It gives reusability to the code. The courses which are written, examined and carried out might be reused a number of occasions. Moreover, it saves loads of time for the coder. Additionally, the one can change the code with out affecting the unique code.
2. A single variable can be utilized to retailer a number of knowledge values. The worth of a variable you inherit from the superclass into the subclass might be modified with out altering that variable’s worth within the superclass; or some other subclasses.
3. With lesser strains of code, it turns into simpler for the programmer to debug the code.

Traits of Polymorphism

Polymorphism has many different traits aside from Technique Overloading and Technique Overriding. They embody:

• Coercion
• Inside Operator Overloading
• Polymorphic Variables or Parameters

1. Coercion

Coercion offers with implicitly changing one kind of object into a brand new object of a unique type. Additionally, that is finished mechanically to stop kind errors within the code. 

Programming languages comparable to C, java, and many others assist the conversion of worth from one knowledge kind to a different knowledge kind. Knowledge kind conversions are of two sorts, i.e., implicit and specific. 

Implicit kind conversion is mechanically finished in this system and the sort of conversion can be termed coercion. 

For instance, if an operand is an integer and one other one is in float, the compiler implicitly converts the integer into float worth to keep away from kind error.

Instance:

class coercion {

  public static void foremost(String[] args) {
    Double space = 3.14*5*7;
System.out.println(space);
String s = "completely happy";
int x=5;
String phrase = s+x;
System.out.println(phrase);

  }
}

Output:

109.9
happy5

2. Inside Operator Overloading

In Operator Overloading, an operator or image behaves in additional methods than one relying upon the enter context or the kind of operands. It’s a attribute of static polymorphism. Though Java doesn’t assist user-defined operator overloading like C++, the place the consumer can outline how an operator works for various operands, there are few situations the place Java internally overloads operators.

Operator overloading is the idea of utilizing the operator as per your alternative. Due to this fact, an operator image or methodology identify can be utilized as a ‘user-defined’ kind as per the necessities. 

For instance, ‘+’ can be utilized to carry out the addition of numbers (identical knowledge kind) or for concatenation of two or extra strings.

Within the case of +, can be utilized for addition and likewise for concatenation.

For instance:

class coercion {

  public static void foremost(String[] args) {
    
String s = "completely happy";
String s1 = "world";
int x=5;
int y=10;

System.out.println(s+s1);
System.out.println(x+y);

  }
}

Output :

Equally, operators like! &, and | are additionally within the overload place for logical and bitwise operations. In each of those instances, the kind of argument will determine how the operator will interpret.

 3. Polymorphic Variables or Parameters

In Java, the article or occasion variables characterize the polymorphic variables. It’s because any object variables of a category can have an IS-A relationship with their very own courses and subclasses.

The Polymorphic Variable is a variable that may maintain values of various sorts throughout the time of execution.

Parametric polymorphism specifies that whereas class declaration, a discipline identify can affiliate with differing types, and a way identify can affiliate with totally different parameters and return sorts.

For instance:

class Form
{
public void show()
{
System.out.println("A Form.");
}
}
class Triangle extends Form
{
public void show()
{
System.out.println("I'm a triangle.");
}
}
class Major{
public static void foremost(String[] args)
{
Form obj;
obj = new Form();
obj.show();
obj = new Triangle();
obj.show();
}
}

Output:

A Form.
I’m a triangle.

Right here, the obj object is a polymorphic variable. It’s because the superclass’s identical object refers back to the mother or father class (Form) and the kid class (Triangle). 

Issues with Polymorphism 

With numerous benefits, there are additionally a number of disadvantages of polymorphism.

• Polymorphism is kind of difficult whereas implementation.
• It tends to cut back the readability of the code.
• It raises some severe efficiency points in real-time as properly.

Kind Identification Throughout Downcasting 

Downcasting is termed as casting to a toddler kind or casting a standard kind to a person kind.

So, we use downcasting each time we have to entry or perceive the behaviour of the subtypes. 

Instance, 

It is a hierarchical instance 

Meals> Vegetable> Ladyfinger, Tomato 

Right here, tomato and ladyfinger are two subclasses. 

In downcasting, we slim the kind of objects, which suggests we’re changing frequent kind to particular person kind. 

Vegetable vegetable = new Tomato(); 

Tomato castedTomato = (Tomato) vegetable; 

Right here we’re casting frequent kind to a person kind, superclass to subclass which isn’t doable immediately in java.

We explicitly inform the compiler what the runtime kind of the article is.

Fragile base class downside 

Fragile base class downside is nothing however a basic architectural downside. 

Typically the improper design of a mother or father class can lead a subclass of a superclass to make use of superclass in some unpredicted methods. 

The fragility of inheritance will result in damaged codes even when all the standards is met. 

This architectural downside is termed as a fragile base class downside in object-oriented programming programs and language. 

Mainly, the explanation for the delicate base downside is that the developer of the bottom class has no thought of the subclass design. There is no such thing as a resolution but for this downside. 

Conclusion

We hope you should have gotten a fundamental thought of polymorphism in Java and the way we use it in addition to issues associated to them. 

Therefore, this brings us to the tip of the weblog on Polymorphism in Java. Moreover, to study extra about programming and different associated ideas, try the programs on Nice Studying Academy and PG Applications in Software program Engineering.  

Additionally, if you’re getting ready for Interviews, try these Interview Questions for Java to ace it like a professional.

So, don’t cease your journey of studying. Additionally, don’t neglect to upskill and reskill your self. Maintain exploring and continue learning.

Often Requested Questions

Participating within the research of Java programming suggests a eager curiosity within the realm of software program growth. For these embarking upon this journey with aspirations in direction of a profession on this discipline, it is suggested to discover the next pages so as to purchase a complete understanding of the event profession path: